The Later Tran Dynasties Reigner : Tran Ngoi (1407-1409)/ Tran Quy Khoang (1409-1414) Period : Reign's Titles : Hung Khanh / Trung Quang Country's Name : Dai Viet Capital : - Contemporary Chinese Dynasty: Ming (1369 ... ) History : Tran Ngoi (1407 - 1409), a prince of Tran family, raised a rebellion at the end time of Ho Dynasty to recover the country from Ho. In 1407, he proclaimed himself as Emperor Gian Dinh and settled in a small region. But, being unable man, he was erroneous in ruling and his dynasty collapsed in 1409. Tran Quy Khoang (1409 - 1414) was also a Tran prince , proclaimed himself Emperor Trung Quang, settled in Nghe An in 1409. He waged a resistance war against the Ming dominion with an army of small number. In 1414, he could'nt break the siege of Ming and was captured at last. On the way of extradition to China by the Mings, he commited suicide by sinking himself into sea. The later Tran Dynasties ended. Period of Resistance Wars against the Mings Reigner : - Period : Reign's Titles : - Country's Name : Chiao Chih under Ming Capital : - Contemporary Chinese Dynasty: Ming (1269 ...) History : The Mings divided the country into districts ruled by Chinese Governors with a brutal domination. They collected elephants, horses, buffalo, etc., the valuables, weapons, ships, etc. to send to China. They suppressed heartlessly any protest by razing villages, burning houses and alive-burning men.. The taxes increased threefold compared with before. They asked to pay the tributes by girls, skilled workers, medicine doctors ,etc. Besides, the Mings destroyed the cultural architectures, burnt the ancient books, limited schooling, forced Viet people to follow Ming 's way of life.The Viet people was miserable under Ming ruling. Many rebellions had raised up during these years, but most soon colappsed, only the Lam Son uprising force, led by Le Loi, could have lived for 10 years and expanded into a powerful army. At first, Le Loi used a guerilla tactics to fight the Mings, after 1225, he was strong enough to encircle the enemy's posts. In 1427, he blockaded Dong Quan citadel (now Hanoi), and Ming Dynasty had to send a reinforcing troop of 100,000 soldiers, led by famous general Liu Shan to rescue. An ambush at Chi Lang gateway in which Liu Shan was headcut, had stopped the intervention from China. Desperated for the situation, Commander of the Ming garrison in Dong Quan surrended to Le Loi. The resistance war against the Ming ended. Le Dynasty Reigner : Le Loi (Thai To)(1428-1433)/ Le Nguyen Long (Thai Tong)(1433-1442) / Le Bang Co (Nhan Tong) (1442-1459) / Le Nghi Dzan (usurped the throne)(1459) / Le Tu Thanh (Thanh Tong)(1460-1497) / Le Tang (Hien Tong) (1498-1504)/ Le Thuan (Tuc Tong) (1504) / Le Tuan (Uy Muc) (1505-1509)/ Le Oanh (Tuong Dzuc)(1509-1516) / Le Y (Chieu Tong) (1516-1522) / Le Xuan (Cung Hoang) (1522-1527) Period : Reign's Titles : Thuan Thien / Thieu Binh /Thai Hoa / Thien Hung / Hong Duc / Canh Thong /Thai Trinh / Doan Khanh / Hong Thuan / Quang Thieu / Thong Nguyen. Country's Name : Dai Viet Capital : Dong Do (Hanoi) Contemporary Chinese Dynasty: Ming (1269 ...) History : In 1428, Le Loi ascended the throne with title Thai To after swept out the Mings from the country. Under his ruling, he organized the administration system with the King on top, holding the utmost power on legislature, executive,and judiciary and himself being Commander-in-chief. To assist him were Ministries, King's office, Control office and High school instituition. There'd no Prime Minister in his court. He also did'nt allow the local armies founded. He compiled the laws, the protocols and regulations, reorganized the educational system and examinations, published neccessary books, etc. The Confucianism developed highly while the Buddhism decreased its influence in the Le court. In the next reigns, the economy was prosperous, agriculture developed on the basis of progressive policies, the constructing dike and hydraulic systems, handicrafts also extended, many guild-villages established : Bat Trang Pottery, Dai Bai Bronze Moulding..etc. In Thang Long (Hanoi), a trade town of 36 guild-streets was founded. At Thanh Tong reign, the country was divided into 13 Dao (prov.), ruled by 3 offices : Administration, Military, and Judiciary. His reign was one of brightest period in history of Vietnam Dynasties. He dedicated to the country, favoured the talents, encouraged the extension of argriculture and handicrafts, opened the trade in and out bound. The first map of Dai Viet was releashed under his reign. The Hong Duc Laws compiled in this period was very progressive, and adequate. ' The Full History of Dai Viet ' written by historian Ngo Si Lien was published under supervision of the Emperor. Being a famous poet, Thanh Tong organized a group of 28 famous poets of the time and releashed a valuable collection of the group. The Le Dynasty started to ruin under Uy Muc reign when the Emperor being dull, brutal and indulged in drinking, and girls. The country became chaotic, people was miserable, rebellions and coups occured frequently. The next reigns were not better, and in Chieu Tong reign, the ruling power was gathered in hand of Mac Dang Dung, a military general. In 1527, Dang Dung killed the Emperor and royal family and usurped the throne. The Le Dynasty ended. Famous Names of the Reign : + Nguyen Trai (1380 - 1442), the National Hero, ideologist, politician, military strategist, poet, scholar, the Famous Name of the World Culture, confered by UNESCO in 1980, was the first ranking courtier who devoted to the resistance war against the Ming and the foundation of Tran Dynasty. He himself created the ideology of the Lam Son Movement in the book ' Binh Ngo Sach' (The way to defeat the Chinese) emphasized in heart-winning. For ten years of the resistance war, he had been always side by side with Le Loi as his only adviser, togetherwith him planning the steps of the war. Most of Nguyen Trai's plans proved adequate. In the victory day, Nguyen Trai himself written ' Binh Ngo Dai Cao ' - the second Decleration of Independence of Vietnam, and a beautiful piece of litery work. He was confered the highest ranking titles in the Le court, but his ideology was not used anylonger in the peaceful time, when the throne was strengthened firmly. Desperated, he left the court to lead a secluded life in Con Son Mountain (Hai Duong). He created many valuable works during that period. In 1442, Emperor Thai Tong, on the tour of Eastern garrisons, stayed at his place for a night, unfortunately Emperor died suddenly for unknown reason at his 20, with the presence of Nguyen Thi Lo, the favourable concubine of Nguyen Trai, famous for her beauty and knowledge. Nguyen and all family were arrested for accused assassination and executed. Twenty years later, under Thanh Tong reign, the Emperor releashed a proclaimation of clearing that false charge against Nguyen Trai. + Tran Nguyen Han (1385 - >) was most talented general of Le Loi and offspring of Tran Quang Khai, the famous general of Tran Dynasty. Togetherwith Nguyen Trai, he was most closed courtier to Le Loi at the first days of the resistance war. He achieved many victories in re-occupying region of Thuan Hoa, an important rear for the war, in blockade of Dong Quan, in conquering the citadel of Xuong Giang, and in a most important ambush to stop the reinforcing troop from China that led to the last victory over the Mings. Mac Dynasty Reigner : Mac Dang Dzung (1527-1529) / Mac Dang Dzoanh (1530-1540) / Mac Phuc Hai (1541-1546) / Mac Phuc Nguyen (1546-1561) / Mac Mau Hop (1562-1592). Period : Reign's Titles : Minh Duc / Dai Chinh/ Quang Hoa / Vinh Dinh / Thuan Phuc Country's Name : Dai Viet Capital : Dong Do Contemporary Chinese Dynasty: Ming (1369...) History : Mac Dang Dzung usurped the throne from Le's and founded the Mac Dynasty in 1527. He ruled only 2 years, then ceded to his son, Dang Dzoanh and became himself the Extreme High Father, but himself decided the important affairs. In the later reigns, the Macs had to face a powerful force, led by Nguyen Kim, a former courtier of Le court, whose aim was recovering the Le Dynasty. In 1533, the former courtiers of Le raised prince Le Ninh to the throne with title Trang Tong, settled the capital in Thanh Hoa,but most of the country still under the control of Mac's. Mac Emperors tried to enforce their army for coping with the Les but in 1559, the war expanded over most of Red River Delta provincies and Macs had to retreat into defend lines around Dong Do. Under reign of Mac Mau Hop , the Dynasty ruined badly for Mau Hop indulged in playing while the Le's force grew up into a powerful army. But most of power of Le court, now felt in Trinh Kiem's hand after the death of Nguyen Kim - his father-in-law, by an assassination in 1545. At the end of 1592, the navy of Le-Trinh attacked the Mac defence line, failed to suffer,the Mac army disintergrated at last. Mac Emperor was captured and executed. The survivers of royal family escaped into North border province Cao Bang and established a territory in the forest, following an advice of Nguyen Binh Khiem, the famous fortuneteller in a prediction of 7 years ago and only lasted after 85 years later. The mac Dynasty officially ended in 1592. The Lords of later Mac in Cao Bang were : Mac Toan (1592) / Mac Kinh Chi (1592-1593) / Mac Kinh Cung (1593-1625) / Mac Kinh Khoan (1625-1638) / Mac Kinh Vu (1638-1677) with the titles : Vo An / Bao Dinh / Kien Thong / Long Thai / Thuan Duc. The Restored Le Dynasty Reigner : Le Trang Tong (1533-1548) /Le Trung Tong (1549-1556) /Le Anh Tong(1557-1573) /Le The Tong (1573-1599) / Le Kinh Tong (1600-1619) / Le Than Tong (1619-1643) (1649-1662) * / Le Chan Tong (1643-1649) / Le Huyen Tong (1663-1671) / Le Gia Tong (1672-1675) / Le Hy Tong (1676-1705) / Le Dzu Tong (1705-1729) / Le Dzuy Phuong (1729-1732) / Le Thuan Tong (11732-1735) / Le Y Tong (1735-1740) / Le Hien Tong (1740-1786) / Le Chieu Thong (1787-1788) . Period : Reign's Titles : Nguyen Hoa / Thuan Binh / Thien Huu / Gia Thai / Thuan Duc / Vinh To / Phuc Thai / Khanh Duc * / Canh Tri / Duong Duc / Vinh Tri / Vinh Thinh / Vinh Khanh / Long Duc / Vinh Huu / Canh Hung / Chieu Thong . Country's Name : Dai Viet Capital : Dong Do Contemporary Chinese Dynasty: Ming (1369 -1649) / Manchou (1649 - ...) History : Trang Tong, a prince of Le Family, was raised up to throne in 1553 by Nguyen Kim, a former courtier of Le Dynasty and a resistance war against the Macs to recover Le Dynasty was also rooted from Thanh Hoa then expanded whole Tonkin. In that period, both dynasties Mac and Le co-existed, divided the country into South (Thanh Hoa, Nghe An) and North (the rest provinces).The situation continued for almost 50 years with 4 Le reigns until Mac Dynasty collapsed in 1592. The main feature of that period was most of power belonged to Lords Trinh. The first was Trinh Kiem, son-in-law and succeeder of Nguyen Kim after Kim's death in a assassination. Trinh Kiem gathered all powers and himself ruled the country while Le Emperors did nothing but seated in the court. Kiem, feared of the usurpation of power, attempted to kill sons of Nguyen Kim : Uong and Hoang. More lucky than his brother, Nguyen Hoang survived and, in his strategy following the advice of Nguyen Binh Khiem, the famous fortuneteller, asked Kiem to allow him to go ruling the south border with Champa province Thuan Hoa in 1558. Some tens years later, Nguyen Hoang, now was a powerful Lord of a large country of Quang Binh, Hue , Da Nang, raised a war against Trinhs. On the other hand, Nguyen Lords expanded south, pushed the Chams to shrink, step by step occupied most of their territory. The history of most of the 17th century and half of the 18th century is history of the 50-years- war and 100 -years-conflicts between Trinhs and Nguyens with Gianh River (Quang Binh) as border. In the North, the Trinh Lords ruled the court through usurping Le's power while in the South, Nguyen Lords headed south by signing the peace treaty with Khmer Kingdom, having authority on Prey Nokor port of Khmer (Saigon port now), and spreading over all Champa country. In the reign of Hien Tong, the Tay Son Rebellion occured (1771) in Binh Dinh under Nguyen Lords control. At first, the rebellion showed the aim of ' support Lord Nguyen Phuc Duong to suppress the bad-courtier Truong Phuoc Loan ', for these years were the declining period of Nguyen court in the South, the later lords were dull and most of strenght of the country wasted for the war with Trinhs. In 1777, Tay Son swept from the mountain to occupy all the southern, killed last Lord Phuoc Thuan. The only surviver, prince Nguyen Anh escaped abroad. Tay Son then headed the north, wiped out Lords Trinh court in a ' support the Le Dynasty ' action, recovered the power of Le Emperor and returned the south. The last emperor Le Chieu Thong, then could'nt stop the attempt to recover the Trinh force and was suppressed heavily by new Lord Trinh Bong. Tay Son again intervened and dissmissed Chieu Thong, founded an administration backed by them. This made Chieu Thong to fleed to China, asking the help from Manchou Dynasty now ruled China. In 1788, Manchou troop of 290,000 soldiers invaded Dai Viet and backed Chieu Thong to rule the north. In about 10 days at the beginning of 1789, Nguyen Hue, the Tay Son Emperor again headed the north and destroyed completely the Manchou, gained the control of the north and ascended the throne. The later Le Dynasty ended. Tay Son Dynasty Reigner : Nguyen Nhac (1778 - 1793) / Nguyen Hue (1788 - 1792) / Nguyen Quang Toan (1793-1802) Period : Reign's Titles : Thai Duc / Quang Trung / Canh Thinh . Country's Name : Dai Viet Capital : Phu Xuan (Hue) Contemporary Chinese Dynasty: Manchou (1649 - ...) History : Three brothers of Nguyen family in Tay Son village (Binh Dinh province) raised a rebellion in 1771 during a political and social unrest under the reign of Lord Nguyen Phuoc Thuan (1765-1777). They were responded warmly by the miserable peasants and quickly became a notable force. In 1778, the Tay Son terminated the Nguyen reigns and took the control over middle of Vietnam from Gianh River to the south and Cochinchina. Nguyen Nhac, the eldest brother of Tay Son ascended the throne, proclaimed himself Emperor Thai Duc, established the Tay Son Dynasty with capital in Phu Xuan (Hue). Nguyen Anh, the only survived prince of Nguyen Lords family, escaped to Siam (Thailand) Kingdom to call for the help. In 1784, the Siams invaded Vietnam with 20,000 soldiers and a navy of 300 ships. Nguyen Hue, the youngest brother and talented general of Tay Son, directed a magicious ambush that killed most of Siam troop and ships in a section of Rach Gam - Xoai Mut River ( < > prov.), stopped the intervention from Siam. In 1786, Nguyen Nhac sent his army directed by Nguyen Hue to occupy Thuan Hoa citadel of Trinh. After wiped out the Trinhs from Thuan Hoa, Hue continued to go north without informing Nhac's Court and exterminated the Trinhs while announcing that for supporting the Le Dynasty. He easily occupied Thang Long. Feared of the threat that Hue may take this chance to become Emperor, Nhac hastily advanced his troop to Thang Long and asked Hue to back Le Chieu Thong to re-organize his administrative system and returned Binh Dinh . Nguyen Nhac then divided the south into three parts : the middle provinces to Hai Van Pass were under Nguyen Hue ruling as King Bac Binh, the Cochinchina was under Nguyen Lu, the second brother as King Dong Dinh, and himself ruled at Qui Nhon with title the Central Emperor. In the north, the situation was not improved after Nguyen Hue's leaving, Le Chieu Thong was very dull to control the court and was again usurped by Trinh Bong, a prince of former Trinh Lords. Again, Nguyen Hue headed the north, wiped out the Trinhs, re-arranged the court with a new Governor in 1788 and returned Phu Xuan for being stuck with battles against Nguyen Anh. Chieu Thong got angry with this and fled to China, got the help from Manchou Dynasty with 290,000 soldiers. They occupied Thang Long and backed a new government headed by Chieu Thong. Heard the news, Nguyen Hue decided to take the control over all Tonkin from the Les and he proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung before advance his army to Thang Long. Only in ten days of fighting, Quang Trung defeated completely that vast troop, re-occupied Thang Long and all Dai Viet territory. Then,he immediately returned back Phu Xuan to face Nguyen Anh, now became a powerful force with the supports from foreign countries and settled in Gia Dinh. In 1792, Nguyen Hue suddenly died at his 40. His son, Quang Toan, succeeded the throne at his 11. Being a child, he was not able to reign with a unrest court and the threat from Nguyen Anh. In 1800, Nguyen Anh, with the support from Europe, occupied Quy Nhon citadel. In 1801, Anh occupied Phu Xuan, made Toan to fleed to Thang Long. In 1802, Anh blocked Thang Long. Failed to fight with Anh, Quang Toan escaped from Thang Long but then was captured and executed. The Tay Son ended after 24 years. Nguyen Dynasty Reigner : Nguyen Phuc Anh (1802-1819) / Nguyen Phuc Dam (1820-1840) / Nguyen Mien Tong (1841-1847) / Nguyen Hong Nhiem (1848-1883) / Nguyen Ung Chan (1883) (Only 3 days) / Nguyen Hong Dzat (1883) (Only 6 months) / Nguyen Ung Dang (1883-1884) / Nguyen Ung Lich (1884-1885) / Nguyen Ung Xuy (1886-1888) / Nguyen Buu Lan (1889-1907) / Nguyen Vinh San (1907-1916)/ Nguyen Buu Dao (1916-1925) / Nguyen Vinh Thuy (1926-1945) . Period : Reign's Titles : Gia Long / Minh Mang / Thieu Tri / Tu Duc / Dzuc Duc / Hiep Hoa / Kien Phuc / Ham Nghi / Dong Khanh / Thanh Thai / Dzuy Tan / Khai Dinh / Bao Dai . Country's Name : Vietnam (1802 - 1919) , Dainam (1820 -1945) Capital : Hue Contemporary Chinese Dynasty: Manchou (1649 - 1916) / China Minquo (1916 ...) History : In Tayson rebellion in 1773, the only survivor of Nguyen Warlord Family in the South of Vietnam, prince Nguyen Anh, escaped with some loyalists and started a resistance war against the Tayson. After 29 years of war, Nguyen Anh won at last in 1802 with the weapons and some military officers hired from France by Monseigner Pigneau de Be'hain, a Jesuit who conducted a mission in Vietnam that period. Anh ascended the throne of Vietnam Emperor in 1802 with the title Gia Long. It was the first time Vietnam had been united in one kingdom from the border with China in the North to the Mekong Delta in the South. The capital settled in Hue. He divided the country into North part from Ninh Binh to the border with China consisted of 11 provinces (tran), South part from Binh Thuan downwards consisted of 5 'trans' and 7 separated 'trans' in the middle from Thanh Hoa to Binh Thuan. The Government consisted of 6 ministries, no position of Prime Minister to avoid power abuse, also no position of Queen to prevent the attempts to usurp from inside. Under Nguyen dynasty, Vietnam economy, politics, society..developed very slowly, the way of thinking, of living of ancient Chinese dynasties had been maintained as pattern for King and his Court to decide any behavior. Nguyen Emperors refused any idea to reform after the West countries or Japan, ignored any affections from outside in science, technology, culture or thinking. At the end of the 19th century, in Vietnam, the intellectuals still did'nt know matematics, physics, chemics.., just studied Confucianism, and wrote poems on nature or praise the King's wisdom. In 1858,France started their plan of invading Vietnam step by step. With the poor economy and a out-of-date army, Nguyen Dynasty could'nt resist against the French military force and had to make a number of concessions one after another. In 1883, Vietnam's independence ended with the domination of France. The French divided Vietnam into two parts : the Cochinchina as a colony, and the central and north as protectorate territories. Under French domination, Nguyen Emperors were like puppets with no real power. Some of them : Ham Nghi, Thanh Thai, Dzuy Tan had the idea or even waged the resistance against the French, but they all soon failed. The society and economy of Vietnam from that time developed in Western way. Everything changed, from the Vietnamese letters (before, the Chinese had been used as official letters), to the way of living. Vietnamese intellectuals now found them facing with science, technology, thinking of the West. A real revolution in all aspects happened in Vietnam society that time. But, the French colonialism also exposed its harshness on Vietnamese that most were peasants : the exploitation of labours and natural sources, the abuse of authority, the violation of human rights, the poverty, the breaking traditional social society..etc, were consequences. From the time of the first invasion battle of France, a movement of Vietnamese nationalism had risen and the French, for almost one century had faced with a seething voilence against and confrontations with the colonial authority. Many rebellions brok out, from the led-by former mandarins of Nguyen to the new West style political party led movements. The most successful, of course addressed itself to the peasantry and their grievances - fairer land distribution and release from poverty. The history of this peasant-based movement, which would eventually be known as Vienam Communist Party, was synonymous with its leader, Ho Chi Minh. Ho's party, in 40's created League for the independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh)- a coalition of nationalist, dominated by communists - to resist the Japanese invation and their occupation of Vietnam in early days of World War II. By August 1945, exploited a perfect oppotunity of defeat of Japanese, Ho instigated the August Revolution, assuming complet control in northern and central Vietnam. On September,2,1945, Ho declared the new Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi. The last dynasty of Nguyen ended.